Strategic Enterprise Resource Planning Models for e-Government

Question: Depict about the Strategic Enterprise Resource Planning Models for e-Government? Answer: Presentation Correspondence is the fundamental motivation behind the all out data framework. Climate in the antiquated time or even in the advanced time correspondence framework was given the top most need. In this part the specialist will broaden about the idea of Cloud Based ERP framework in the retail business the executives alongside its points of interest and weaknesses (Albarakati and Qayyum, 2015). Foundation of the examination As indicated by Morris (2011), in the cutting edge age the idea of web application has given the most significant discovery. It has improved the all out correspondence framework completely. Improvement of correspondence framework is a long procedure. The whole scientists over the word perform different sorts of research work and research venture so as to execute a superior method of correspondence. In this specific task the specialist will talk about a cutting edge idea of could based ERP System. Research Aims and Objectives This specific research depends on the Cloud Based ERP framework in retail business. The fundamental goal of this specific proposition is to broaden the idea of Cloud Computing and to concentrate on its favorable circumstances and weaknesses. Various types of research technique is embraced by the specialist so as to assemble total data about the uses of Cloud Based ERP framework in the retail business the board. To distinguish the potential advantages of ERP framework for retail business To assess the key advantages of Cloud Based ERP framework for retail business association To suggest the suitable programming devices of ERP framework for retail advertisers Research Questions What are the key advantages of ERP framework for retail advertisers? What are the focal points and detriments of cloud based ERP framework in retail business the board? What is Cloud Based ERP framework in the retail business the board? Writing Review In this specific proposition the scientist will talk about the idea of distributed computing framework. Distributed computing framework depends on the Data Base Management System (DBMS). A nonexistent cloud is available with a typical access stacked with information. There is a typical access framework over the cloud. So as to expand the adaptability of the information access in an endeavor the idea of distributed computing framework is presented (Sasikala, 2011). Utilization of Cloud based ERP framework in Retail Business As indicated by La Barge (2012), there are numerous points of interest of the distributed computing framework. The significant bit of leeway of distributed computing framework is the adaptability in the entrance. By utilizing a specific User ID and an appropriate Password anybody can get the full access of the database. The significance of this specific database is with respect to the compactness work. Any client with a substantial client Id and secret key can get the full access of the database from all over the place and from anyplace. It builds the adaptability of the work. The subsequent bit of leeway is with respect to the information base administration framework. Distributed computing is an appropriate database framework where the information are completely ensured. In any Enterprise the most significant resource is information. Information assurance is commonly a significant piece of the administration framework. With the assistance of Cloud Computing the idea of the information putting away framework has changed completely. It is a framework with 0% adaptation to non-critical failure for example the information is put away with full assurance. Further this specific idea is differentiated with virtualization. For the most part all the capacity framework is getting virtualized. This will guarantee in the expansion of movability and adaptability. Figure 1: Advantages (Source : Chhabra and Kumar 2012) Issues of Cloud based ERP framework in retail business According to Alam (2012), cost factor is one of the most urgent factors in the idea of distributed computing. There are numerous sorts of retails areas. The cost factor turns into the essential obstruction to execute this idea. Little association can't to actualize this specific framework because of cost. The use of Cloud Computing is immense. By and large all the private venture association can't bear to execute. The subsequent detriment is with respect to the availability. Openness of distributed computing is a lot of broadened. The prevalence is a lot of less. In the undertaking asset arranging framework the execution of Cloud processing framework isn't done on a legitimate premise. Then again there are two additional impediments. The principal weakness is in regards to the unwavering quality and control factor and about its consistence and security factor. These are the extra two components which confines its prominence (Chhabra and Kumar 2012). Figure 2: Disadvantages (Source : Albarakati, 2015, pp-19). Research Methods For the most part there are three sorts of research theory. Positivism, Interpretivism and authenticity. In this specific research work the scientist applied the idea of positivisms investigate theory on the grounds that the positivism assists with understanding the truth of the exploration work. According to investigate technique there are two sorts of research approach. One is inductive strategy and then again there is inductive technique. The analyst has utilized the deductive methodology of research technique. The specialist has utilized two kinds of information assortment technique so as to finish the examination work. One strategy for information assortment is known as the essential technique for information assortment and then again there is optional strategy for information assortment. Further the information assortment methodology is partitioned into quantitative part and subjective part. There are three sorts explore plans which are utilized by the analyst so as to finish t he exploration work. The three sorts of research structures are informative, exploratory and illustrative. In this specific task the specialist has taken the logical research configuration so as to finish the exploration the examination work. The specialist utilized the idea of likelihood examining strategy so as to help the information assortment method (Chhabra and Kumar, 2012). Figure 3: Research Methodology (Source: Chhabra and Kumar, 2012, pp-255). Results and Analysis By applying two sorts of information assortment method the specialist has experienced different sorts sees with respect to the idea of Cloud Based ERP framework in retail business. The analyst got a blended view in the information assortment strategies. Because of its significant expense the procedure of execution is moderate. It is just workable for the enormous association to execute this complete methodology and then again little association can't bear to actualize this administration. End This specific proposition depends on the Cloud Based ERP framework in retail business. The analyst closed about the focal points just as burdens of distributed computing framework. In this proposition the scientist primarily centers around the various types of difficulties and obstructions with respect to the execution of Cloud Based ERP framework in the retail business the executives. So as to help the exploration work in a viable way the scientist applied different sorts of research system. Reference List Chhabra, S. what's more, Kumar, M. (2012). Vital endeavor asset arranging models for e-government. Hershey PA: Information Science Reference. J.Albarakati, A. (2015). An Overview of Implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning. IJAIS, 8(7), pp.15-19. J.Albarakati, A. (2015). Venture Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation in Institutions and its Civilizing Temperament/Nature. IJAIS, 8(7), pp.20-24. J.Albarakati, A. what's more, Qayyum, J. (2015). Cutting edge Enterprise Resource Planning: ERP II. IJAIS, 8(6), pp.5-8. Morris, J. (2011). Sounds in the cloud: Cloud processing and the computerized music product. First Monday, 16(5). Sasikala, P. (2011). Distributed computing: present status and future ramifications. IJCC, 1(1), p.23. Alam, M. (2012). Cloud Algebra for Handling Unstructured Data in Cloud Database Management System.IJCCSA, 2(6), pp.35-42. LaBarge, R. (2012). Cloud Penetration Testing.IJCCSA, 2(6), pp.43-62.

Public Safety and Privacy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Open Safety and Privacy Analysis - Essay Example Social liberties and protection laws are very unique of one another. The significance of which relies on the planning of the inquiry. It is built up that for the security of residents, social liberties are set with the goal that the residents can make the most of their freedom. The offices that authorize law are crippled simultaneously when they need to hold fast to Fourth amendment as its security licenses wrongdoings to continue (Stimson, 2004). Here we may refer to the decision of zenith court concerning sex wrongdoers, protection and open wellbeing. The Supreme Court of United States of America just barely made a standard corresponding to sex guilty parties, security, and open wellbeing. The administering group of America and the Supreme Courts are worried about open wellbeing or the assurance of benefits of individuals independently. As indicated by the Patriot Act characterized by the US government, all the gatherings liable for placing law into impact can scrutinize the Fourth Amendment in the event that it sidesteps the privileges of residents. Americans with the help of law authorization associations are guaranteed that they will be encouraged with their due social equality and security (Stimson, 2004). A few days ago US Supreme Court settled on a choice as indicated by which, the sentenced sex delinquents are to be uncovered on web by giving their addresses over web. There is zero chance given to the delinquents regarding their ID as an undermining individual for the general public (Stimson, 2004). Prosecution over electronic control devices are well known among the prosecutors notwithstanding the way that in number of cases devices are utilized appropriately. As indicated by Wallentine (2010), courts while choosing such case are utilizing the â€Å"principles of Graham v. Connor† as to the utilization of a â€Å"electronic control device†. On account of Bryan v. Macpherson, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal held that â€Å"TASER or som e other electronic control device† is in actuality an in the middle of quantum of power (Wallentine, 2010). On account of Bryan who utilized medications and we can say that he was intellectually sick as far as his wellbeing. TASER was utilized by the law authorization official because of which, Bryan tumbled down and lost his four teeth other than minor wounds. After this episode, the law requirement official made certain about the way that Bryan was upset intellectually and was in pressing need of wellbeing (Wallentine, 2010). At the point when the court inspected this case alongside other coordinating cases, it was of the feeling that for dissecting the circumstance of the convict, the law was not applied properly for the circumstance. The law authorization official committed an error by choosing an inappropriate procedure to manage the convict. The power alternative wasn't right. There is a further reportage that the official utilized more than required power in utilizing t he TASER against the convict for his own reasons that are as yet obscure until this point. As indicated by the court, utilization of TASER for Bryan was not sensible since Bryan didn't represent a quick danger to the official/other individual. The choice is enforceable on officials inside the ninth Circuit. The adjudicators were of the view that officials are mindful to unmistakably comprehend set up law (Wallentine, 2010). Another two cases that identify with the use of TASER in particular â€Å"Brooks v. Seattle† and â€Å"Mattos v. Aragano† are in the process to be allotted to judges of ninth Circuit Panels to characterize the law. Nonetheless, the sacred clarification is the right of Supreme Court.

What are Prepaid Expenses

What are Prepaid Expenses Some stories don’t end up the way they were meant to be. If you want things to be as they are, you need to know how to plan ahead. Whether it’s your life or your business, you need to take into account future payments, for instance.Unless you prepare well, you could get into a financial rut, one you would most likely want to avoid.And that’s what prepaid expenses are all about. It helps you stay ahead, and prepare from before.Let’s say you recently bought a car and paid insurance for it.The insurance isn’t going to help you right now. You will benefit if you meet with an accident or any unforeseen incident in the future. Or, you may claim the insurance if you want to replace an expensive part of your car.Insurance, however, is just one of the types of prepaid expenses. Even though they are a liability, in the beginning, they become beneficial over a long period of time.    Businesses will want to have enough prepaid expenses to cover future payments, and have the money rea dy when you need it.You will need to report it on the balance sheet, and only when the asset expires will you need to write it on the expense sheet.Confused as to how that happens?Read on, as we talk about all the prepaid expenses that your company needs to deal with, and the income statement that you need to make.After all, just understanding the management expense ratios isn’t going to help you when it comes to having a successful business.HOW DO PREPAID EXPENSES HELP YOU IN YOUR BUSINESS?  Do you own company vehicles? We are sure you have vehicle insurances for them. The prepaid expense will refer to the yearly insurance payment in advance that you have made for all the vehicles.So, your income statement for the year will actually have one twelfth of the amount you have prepaid at a time, and will be debited to the insurance expense head.These expenses are valid only for a limited amount of it. In the business world, a prepaid expense is considered as an asset. Only when the as set goes unused during its validity period, it is considered as an expense.For example, you paid $1,000 as your car’s insurance premium for two years, but you didn’t use it. You will not get the money back. After the insurance expires, you have to renew it, which is the usually same amount as the previous premium you paid.Here is a look at another example of a prepaid expense. In business terms, a prepaid expense is money you pay in the present for services or products that will be used in the future. You can pay for a prepaid expense in the current financial year and use it in the next financial year until and unless it is valid.Prepaid expenses are subject to time and affect a company’s balance sheet and income statement. They are balanced at the end of the company’s billing period, which can be monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly.DIFFERENT TYPES OF PREPAID EXPENSESWhen you talk about prepaid expenses, you talk about accounting, which makes it a purely business ter m. Companies use it as a part of their balance sheet to identify its profits and losses.Insurance is just one of the prepaid expenses that you pay. Let’s take a look at the remaining types of prepaid expenses. 1. Legal feesLawyers and companies enter a retainer agreement, which binds them together in a business contract. The companies have to pay retainer fees to the lawyer as a sign of appreciation, which is calculated in terms of the professional services the lawyer will offer in the future.When the business renders a service, the amount is deducted from the prepaid credit tab and added to the legal expenses account.2. RentMany commercial rent agreements ask businesses to pay the first and last month’s rent along with the deposit to make the contract valid. Just like legal fees, when the first month is over, the prepaid rent amount is transferred from the credit tab to the rent expenses account.The same transaction takes place during the last month of the lease period. Rent pa yment of the months in between is typically paid after the month ends.3. TaxCorporate firms pay quarterly estimated tax to reduce the tax liability at the end of the financial year. Even though companies have to pay the amount, it is considered as a prepaid tax until they make the final tax payment.Businesses do this to reduce the work at the end of the year so that they can concentrate on the core business activities. The accounts are cleared quarter-wise and the process is a lot faster.4. Utility billsUtility bills include water, gas, and electricity bills but are usually charged at the end of the month, depending on how much you used each of the resources.However, corporate firms go for prepaid utility bills, wherein they pay for a fixed usage at the beginning of the month or decided period. It like paying for an internet plan, which you have access to only after paying the fees.5. SuppliesCompanies have to pay in advance when they order supplies in bulk quantity. It is recorded as a prepaid expense until the company receives the stock.6. InsuranceInsurance is purchased with the intention of safeguarding the company’s assets. If the company paid $1,200 for one year’s insurance, it is divided into 12 months. In the beginning of the year, the whole amount is put under the prepaid expense tab.After one month, $100 is transferred to the insurance expense tab. As every month passes, $100 keep getting transferred until it is time to renew the insurance.Cash management seems to be the keyword here.WHY DO YOU CONSIDER PREPAID EXPENSES AS ASSETS?Every aspect of business is important, whether it is understanding financial ratios or the money you’ve to incur every year.Like we explained before, a prepaid expense is something you have already paid for either partially or completely and haven’t used yet. It is valid for a limited period of time, during which you can take its benefit. Any expense that hasn’t expired and can be used in the future is termed as an asset on the balance sheet.For example, you want to claim insurance on the electronics used in your office that were damaged because of a rainstorm. The insurance company will pay for the new electronics. You won’t have to take out any money from your pocket. You can consider prepaid expenses as emergency funds that offer relief during times of distress. When the time limit expired, it is moved to the expense section.Let’s talk about something more simple. You have to fly from Miami to Chicago, where your family stays, during Easter weekend and you book an airplane ticket for it. You make the payment and receive an email about it. The booking that you made in advance is an asset. When you go to the airport and show the ticket, you will be directed towards your flight. Your flight booking is a prepaid expense that you made to visit Chicago.If you would have directly gone to the airport on Easter morning and booked a flight, which leaves in two hours, you didn’t make a prepaid expense. You booked at the time of check-in and flew to Chicago.Many people get confused between a liability and an asset. They put a prepaid expense as a liability, but that is a wrong consideration. A liability is an unpaid or outstanding expense, which you pay after you receive the service. One good example of liability is the utility bill that you have to pay after calculating meter readings.RECORDING PREPAID EXPENSES IN YOUR BALANCE SHEETYou can divide the process of recording prepaid expenses into two parts journal entry of the prepaid expense and adjustment.Journal entry of the prepaid expenseStep 1. You, the company, receive an invoice from the supplier and verify it with the concerned team members. They go through the terms of the agreement and judge it against their assets and company requirements.Once approved, you notify the supplier that you are ready to enter the agreement. For example, an insurance company sends you the invoice of $1,000 as a yearly insurance payment .Step 2. Both parties sign the agreement, and you make the payment and receive a receipt of an acknowledgement from the supplier.Step 3. Add it under insurance in the prepaid expense tab, which falls under the assets category. Make sure you match the revenues with prepaid expenses because it becomes convenient to tie back the two in the future.Adjustment of the prepaid expenseAt the end of every accounting period, which can be monthly, quarterly, or annually, settle the prepaid expenses with the expense account. When it comes to insurance, you usually divide it into 12 months and deduct from the prepaid expense and add to the expense account as the time goes by.In this part, you only adjust the expense, so there are no additional costs. Verify all accounts to make sure that is settled and match the expenses and revenue generated.TIPS TO MANAGE PREPAID EXPENSESHandling prepaid expenses can be challenging because they are easy to forget and take a lot of efforts to track over the peri od of time. Here are some tips that will help you while managing prepaid expenses:Don’t record small prepaid expensesIt is best to not mention small prepaid expenses like stationery you order monthly because they are difficult to track. You will have to do a lot of back and forth, which is a huge waste of time.Mention them in the balance sheet when you receive the order under the expense account. If you still want to record the small prepaid expenses, you can create a separate chart when you mention all the payment but don’t add them in the balance sheet until you receive the products or services.Make multiple categoriesPrepaid expenses are put under the asset category. To make sure you maintain a proper record, divide the prepaid expenses into sections and subsections according to their nature.If your company has three insurances, for example electronic insurance, business insurance, high-level management insurance, list them all separately, so you don’t have to worry about what money went where.Other sections you can make under prepaid expenses include prepaid tax, utilities, supplies, and anything major you pay for in advance.Set alarms for transactionsIt is easy to forget the date to make transactions from prepaid expense to expense account. The best way to remember it is by setting the alarm or reminder for it at the very beginning. It takes away the stress and gives you more time to concentrate on ways to improve your company and bring in more business.Set up a recurring journal entryA journal is a document that you use to record all transactions. When you make the transaction from prepaid expense to expense account, mention it as a recurring entry in a journal. It will help you to cross check and settle the accounts at the end of the year.WAYS TO RECORD PREPAID EXPENSESThe type of recording a company goes for, completely depends on the nature of the business and legal advice it received. It directly affects the company’s financial records.Accru al accountingIn accrual accounting, the company records expenses as and when they are utilized. In other words, the company doesn’t add any prepaid expense to their balance sheet when the money is transferred to the service provider. For example, if the company paid an entire year’s rent, which cost it $24,000, the company will add $2,000 under the rent expense tab at the end of a particular lease mThis method aims at reducing the back and forth you have to do if you practice the cash accounting method.Cash accountingThe cash accounting method is the traditional method in which you record the payment under prepaid expenses as soon as transfer the money. Its action doesn’t concern if you received the service or products as promised by the seller.Traditional companies choose to follow the cash accounting method because it helps them remember the expenses incurred. However, startups are often going for the accrual account method. The primary reason remains that it requires less w ork. In such circumstances, the company keeps a journal for all the prepaid expenses.BENEFITS OF A PREPAID EXPENSEPracticing the art of prepaid expense offers only two but crucial benefits. Let’s take a look at the benefits:Tax deductionA tax deduction is the biggest advantage of the prepaid expense practice. When you mention it as an asset on your balance sheet, you pay the tax for it in advance. You also receive certain tax benefits when you invest in an insurance policy.SavingsMany corporate firms prefer to pay the pay an entire year’s rent in advance as it lets them avoid future expenses. The company pays the amount at the current rate and is not subject to future increase in the price. You end up saving a lot of money, which is helpful during times of inflation.SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM PREPAID EXPENSES ASSETSA company typically divided prepaid expenses under two categories depending on its duration. All prepaid expenses that have a validity of 12 months or less are consider ed as short-term expenses. On the other hand, long-term prepaid expenses are all expenses that were made for longer than 12 months.Companies only mention 12-month expenses of long-term prepaid expense assets in the net working capital calculation. The remaining amount and months are carried over to the next year.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PREPAID EXPENSE AND DEFERRED EXPENSEThe deferred expense is a prepaid expense that you use over a year after you make the payment. It is usually mentioned as a long-term asset on the yearly balance sheet.On the other hand, a prepaid expense is something that you use up within a year. If a company doesn’t use the categories short-term and long-term prepaid expenses assets on the balance sheet, they replace it with the prepaid expense and deferred expense.Common deferred expense examples include legal fees and rent paid for over a year. Let’s take an in-depth look into the world of deferred expense.Your company wants to set-up a new cookies manufacturing unit and hires a law firm for looking for the legality. Both parties agree to draw a contract of $250,000 for ten years, which includes the legal consultation fees. You will have to pay the entire amount as soon as you enter the agreement and put it under the deferred expense tab.After a year passes, you only deduct $25,000 from the deferred expense tab and put it under the legal expense tab. The remaining amount, which is $225,000, is still considered as the company’s deferred expenses.Some companies prefer to manage their balance sheet on a half-yearly basis. In such circumstances, the insurance premium that you pay for a year is put under deferred expense. Half of the amount is transferred under the insurance expense chart in the half-yearly balance sheet.Other terms for deferred expenses include non-current expenses and long-lived expenses. Companies use these terms simultaneously to define deferred expenses, but they all mean the same thing. This also means that over time de ferred expenses become prepaid expenses as its timeline shrinks.Deferred expenses are different from deferred revenue as the latter term means payment the business receives for its products or services before the customer receives them. For example, you order a dress online for your daughter and pay using your credit or debit card. The fashion brand sends you the dress only after it receives the payment.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACCRUED EXPENSES AND PREPAID EXPENSESAccrued expenses and prepaid expenses are exactly the opposite to each other. While a prepaid expense is something that you pay in advance, an accrued expense is something that you pay for after receiving the products or services. Examples of accrued expenses include salaries, postpaid utility bills, and credit card payments.Accrued expenses are usually a part of the business to business transactions. Accrued means on interest or on loan. Also known as a credit transaction, these type of expenses are done when one business uses products or services of another but doesn’t pay the money immediately. The company doesn’t receive an invoice for it. Accrued expenses are put under current liabilities tab in the balance sheet along with the company’s other short-term liabilities.For example, a company XYZ has 15 employees, and their total monthly salaries account for up to $1,500,000. At the beginning of the month, the company will put Monthly Salaries under Current Liabilities in the balance sheet. After the payments are made on the last day of the month or during the first week of the next month, the company shifts the amount from Current Liabilities to Salary Expense. The account is all clear, and XYZ sends a payslip to the employees as a confirmation of the payment.Other examples of accrued expenses include office supplies bills, interest on a loan, and income tax. Immaterial expenses like audits and inspections don’t come under the accrued expenses category because they are difficult to track and need back and forth journal entries. Accrued expenses are often confused with accrued revenue, which stands for the money earned in one accounting period but paid for in the next period. In other words, the seller recognized the sell but doesn’t raise an invoice until the next period. Accrued revenues are very rare in the manufacturing world as payment is made once the quote is finalized.This type of revenue is common in freelancing. For example, a freelance writer is working on a company’s brochure, which has a deadline of 45 days. Before the work begins, the two parties decide that the freelancer will receive $650 for the work. Only after the services are rendered and the 45 days are over, the freelancer can raise the invoice and receive the payment.CONCLUSIONIn this article, you learned everything about the prepaid expense, which includes what is a prepaid expense, different types, ways to add the expense to the balance sheet, and how to adjust it.A prepaid expense is an old prac tice and is known for its two big benefits, which are tax deductions and savings. You also learned the difference between prepaid expense and deferred expense along with the difference between prepaid expense and accrued expense.

St. Augustine of Hippo, Bishop and Theologian Essay

St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, was one of the greatest theologians of his time. He is still regarded in the highest manner. He was raised in a divided home, but through time he found the truth. He was always a superb student. He fully mastered Latin; however, he never grasped Greek. He was also very crafty in speech - a black-belt of rhetoric if you will. After his teenage flings and rebellions, he found a heretical sect in which he became involved for a while. He traveled and landed in Milan for a while where he met the bishop. He then discovered that Christianity was a suitable religion for a philosopher. Finally, via Bishop Ambrose, Augustine converted to Christianity in 386. Later, he wrote books such as – Confessions,†¦show more content†¦This is Augustine saying that he always knew about Jesus and that his mother had taught him well, but he just never fully understood or let himself see Jesus until his true conversion. It was nothing that Monnica had not taught him, but his own hard-headedness that kept him from seeing the truth. His father wanted Augustine to be a lawyer until they found that he had such an inclination for rhetoric. He became the top of his class and continued to excel in almost all his subjects. He swiftly mastered Latin; however, he never learned Greek, the reason being that his instructor was an abusive man and physically punished his students. Because of the association of the Greek language and this violent man, Augustine never could bring himself to learning it. He began to excel in rhetoric; in which, he would later make his career. Augustine had the potential to become a great politician because he could easily sway people with his words. As seen in history, many people who can talk well get elected, but the people with the real stuff do not get into the high offices. 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St Augustine Biography Info Augustine of Hippo was born on November 13, in AD 354, in Thagaste (modern day Souk Ahras, Algeria), and died on August 28, in AD 430, in modern-day Annaba, Algeria (then known as Hippo Regius). It was in the latter city where he was named Bishop 35 years prior to his death. It is a challenge to encapsulate renowned personalities, and with St. Augustine, this task is even more difficult (Augustine of Hippo). A theologian and philosopher, Augustine dithered between

Benefits That Bring Health Practice Of Physical Activity

Abstract The benefits that bring health practice of physical activity performed regularly and the risks involved in sedentary, especially of the elderly, lifestyles have been widely established in numerous epidemiological studies in recent years. However, the sedentary lifestyle of our society is becoming a constant threat to public health, which is carrying to professionals from the health sector to adopt targeted measures to promote the physical activity of the society in general and elderly people in particular. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of seniors who perform physical activity, although this continues to be scarce and insufficient (Gonzalo and Pasarin, 2004). Also, we are seeing a considerable increase in the number of older people in society and it is estimated that this increase is progressive in recent years. For the year 2050 is estimated the Group of older people has tripled. Public authorities therefore have a responsibility to ensure the heal th of the elderly, so that they can carry out his life with full autonomy (Merino, 2002). Importance of physical activity in older people Physical activity constitutes together with the power the two key elements that define the life expectancy of persons (Ramos, 2002). Currently, no group of society can get more benefits from the food and physical activity to the Group of older persons (Drewnowki and Evans, 2001). Both factors have a vital role in the promotion of health andShow MoreRelatedPhysical Benefits of Dancing1835 Words   |  7 PagesHealth through Dance Customer Inserts His/her Name University Name Abstract Health through Dance a recent phenomenon in the Physical and Health Sciences, has been used as the most effective non-medical treatment throughout the World. 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My Mother Free Essays

This essay is about how a perfect mother looks like to me. People say that the perfect mother does not exist, I actually don’t know if that is true, but what I do know is that my mother is perfect for me. Everything in my mother is special; the way she dresses, the way she speaks, the way she behaves etc. We will write a custom essay sample on My Mother or any similar topic only for you Order Now Somehow they are a part of you, a part of your world, your heart. For me that is my mother. Her voice calms me down. When he leaves for business trips, I feel like a part of me is missing. When he calls me to say hello, he makes everything better in a second. Just the sound of her voice is what I need from time to time. She is very good with words and almost knows what you want to hear when you are sad. The picture of my mother will ever fade away from my mind. Her curly brown hair with white strands throughout make her look younger than she is. She stands at 5’5 and weighs 145Ibs. She has smoky gray eyes that glow when the sun comes up. Her eyes sparkle and change colors depending on her mood. Her eyes and her smile light up my world. Her style of clothing is a little different from other mothers, but I love that about her. She doesn’t let anyone change her mind. She never wears heels because she hates getting dressed up but her favorite shoes of all time are Nike shocks. Being a writer explains her love for book and literature in general. She loves telling stories especially about her childhood and past experiences which she is really good at. She puts her heart and soul into whatever she writes. She has a hard time showing her feelings because of past experiences, but when she writes stories she shows it. It’s her way to express herself. Writing is her way of making her feel better and a way to express herself as a person. Her voice is being heard on paper. My mother is a fantastic cook. You will always find her in the kitchen making some sort of desert. I always used to help her make monkey bread as a little girl. She would always smell like honey and maple syrup. When I was a little girl, I would always remember when she used to tuck me into bed and kiss me goodbye I could always smell maple syrup on her. I love that smell. Even twenty five years later, the smell has never disappeared. She has the same smell that lingers off of her that brings back so many great memories for me. My mother is the kind of person that does not show her feelings a lot. She keeps her feelings to herself sometimes but when she gets the chance to show us, it’s the greatest feeling in the world. She may not kiss or hug us all the time but I always know that she loves us unconditionally. When she does hug us, I feel warm and loved. She doesn’t judge what we have done in the past or what we might do; she teaches us lessons that will help us make the right choices in life. She is the one who is always there for me. If I am having a bad day or just need someone to talk too, she is the first person I run too. She isn’t just my mom but she is my best friend. She knows me instead and out. I get most of my looks from my mom which isn’t so bad because my mom is beautiful inside and out. I am so lucky that my son has her for a grandma because he will have a great role model to look up to when he gets older. They say you will never forget the person you first laid eyes on. Without them you feel lost and not yourself. Somehow they are a part of you, a part of your world, your heart. How to cite My Mother, Papers My mother Free Essays My mother is the best person that I know. She is a very special person who has always been with me to support me. She is hardworking, cheerful and simple woman; she is a woman that despite all the complications she always has a big smile. We will write a custom essay sample on My mother or any similar topic only for you Order Now She is a very mature person but she knows how to be a girl and share great moments with her family, rather a monument of woman. I know at times she yells at me and corrects me, but I know she does not do because she is evil, but because she loves me; she expects me to be a person who takes over a great place in society. We both know that time is passing and I will have to go my own way and face a world which has full of battles; I will have to face it alone. I hope to be a successful man and never let my parents down, I also hope to become as good person as my mom, as loving and special as she is, take pride that one day my children say, â€Å"My father is the best that he will be my role model†. I know my mother will age and I hope I take care of her as well as she take care of me. She tells me she loves me very much but she does not expect me to look after her when she has a certain age because I will make a family and have my own occupations. It makes my soul twist when hearing those words, because I’m afraid that one day I will forget my mother and I will be so busy with my stuff that I will not have time for her. It hurts just thinking that if that happens, my mother, whom I love you with all my soul ended up in the place she hates, the acyl, but something tells me that it will never happen. Although she will start saving money to secure her future and not have to rely on nobody. However I am certain that I will take care of her because I know the love I have toward her will give me strength to fight and never leave her alone. Do not do what you do not want other person to do. Take care and love your parents even when they are old, do not make them know that you forgot them because your children can do the same thing. Never forget your parents and you will have a free heart without regrets. You will have satisfaction that you loved and protected them. And when you are angry and you do not endure them anymore, just remember that they endured you when you were child and think that some people do not have parents. How to cite My mother, Papers My Mother Free Essays Who is the one helps me grow up, gives me advice, takes care of me, shows me the right way, always support me greatly, gives me a birthdate and does many many things just for me, it’s my mother. I love her and really admire her for many reasons. The first reason that I admire my mother is she teaches me about experience. We will write a custom essay sample on My Mother or any similar topic only for you Order Now Experience is what you learn as you go through your life. As a child, you always learned that people really nice and generous. That is not true. As you step into the real world, you will see the person’s real face and all difference schemes, plan to make them success Perhaps, the thing makes me admire her the most that she was the first teacher of mine. She has been teaching me everything since I was young until now, and for the future Now, she is still a best friend, I think, she is the greatest psychologist that i have known. Sometimes, Sometimes when I was down because of failures in my life, I always went to meet her for asking some advice. As my expect, I always felt better after that. I also admire her for her personality which is a mix of honesty and strong faith in god, cause and effect. † Take us by ourselves into others’ position before doing anything† she said. And she is also a predictor. She can get the future in her dreams. She ever told me that she had found out my father before seeing him . Besides, she was sure that I would be a boy before getting pregnant. Oh my god! it’s strange. I can not do the same thing. In conclusion, I admire my mother because she teaches me about life experience and she takes care of me before she can take care of her. My mother works so hard for our family and for my best. When I grow up I will take care of her as the way she did to me right now. There is a woman who takes an important part in my life and chang my thought and action. I really love my mother. I think I am the happiest person because I have a great mother like that. How do you think of your mother? How to cite My Mother, Essay examples

Stars And Space Essays - Military Strategy, Subterranea,

Stars And Space Death for Your Country Is it glorious to die for your country?.... This question has been posed to many young people about to embark on war although the answer has usually been 'yes' in response to their country due mainly to the fact that the government instills it in the people of the country to support one's country and one way is to send young abled bodied men into the army. If you were one individual that was not in favour of fighting for your country you would surely become an outcast by the countries people. To avoid ridicule and becoming outcasted by the people living around you, you would join the army just in the thought that you were obligated to for the sole sake of your country. Such thoughts were reinforced by the government promotion of propaganda. Glorifying death is not needed to be taught and should be up to the sole individual. School systems should teach an unbiased point of view of war to enable the child to make their own decision to fight for one's country. Within the education system it was instructed to the teachers to teach the children at a young age during the brink of war to instill that their the life of the country and for them to defend their country against the enemy. Teachers showed being in a army was representing honour and the pride of the country. Guilt was laid on the students who showed rebellion by the teacher. Many times the teacher would try to show a soldier that looks happy and content trying to represent being a soldier makes you happy and content. Many young inexperienced soldiers were sent to training camps near the battle fields that they would soon be sent to fight, for their country and their life. The training camps were situated on similar enviroments that resembled the battle fields of where the fighting would take place. Reinforced displine to the young and ignorant men. Trench warfare is when many soldiers of opposing countries fight against each other across a vast desolate, dirt covered land, and the only sense of cover was to crouch in a usually water logged trench. The sense of death engulfed your very soul, the conezt bombardment of shells echo in your mind long after it had ceased. On the Western front conditions were horrible to say the least, stench of death remained coneztly in the air, bodies riddled with bullet wounds lay across the bottoms of the trenches, dismembered bodies scattered across the landscape and the sounds of agonizing and dying men echo across the battle grounds. Very limited rations Astronomy

023 Understand Child and Young Person development Essays

023 Understand Child and Young Person development Essays 023 Understand Child and Young Person development Essay 023 Understand Child and Young Person development Essay Assignment 023 Understand Child and Young Person Development Table 1: Physical development Age range Explain the sequence and rate of development 0-3 months When born, babies show innate reflexes, such as swallowing and sucking, rooting reflex, grasp reflex, startle reflex, walking and standing reflex; in the first month babies become less curled up and the startle reflex is starting to fade; toward the end of the third month babies start lifting and turning their heads. -6 months When lying on front babies can lift their arms and legs balancing on their tummies; hey can reach and grab a toy and they can pass it from one hand to another; they can also roll from their backs to front; around sixth month babies are becoming able to sit with support (e. g. high chair). 6-9 months Babies can sit without support; they are beginning to crawl or find other ways of being mobile (bottom-shuffling); starting to use fingers to feed. -12 months Babies are becoming very mob ile, fast crawling, standing up by the furniture, some babies walk along the furniture using their hands to hold on; developing abilities to handle objects and putting them into containers; babies able to feed themselves with ingers. 1-2 years At the beginning of this period babies are beginning to walk and around 18 months they are becoming more and more skilful on their feet, moving faster; toddlers around this age begin to sit and push with their legs to move on the sit-and-ride toys. Towards their second year children walk confidently, they can run and climb; towards the end of the second year some children are becoming ready to start potty training. In the third year children start potty training; they become able to push with feet or peddle a tricycle; children can walk upstairs alternating their feet; towards the end of he this period children are skilful enough to feed and dress themselves; they are able to do threading, pouring and they can use scissors. years Physical development less rapid, however skills are becoming more refined and movements more coordinated. Ability to kick and control ball; development of fine motor skills essential for handwriting. 7-12 years Good coordination of small and large movements; growing physical skilfulness means task can be done quicker, more accurately and more confidently; neater drawing and writing; accurate cutting. Between 9 and 12 children gain even better coordination nd speed in fine and gross motor skills. Around 1 lth year the bodies of some girls are starting to change (growing breasts) and some might start their periods. 12-16 years Gradual body changes in both girls and boys (girls physically mature quicker [around 15/ 16] than boys [around 17/18]. Fast body changes may affect spatial awareness which can become occasionally poor as a result. 16-19 years The maturing of the body is finishing with the full development of sexual organs; the body is taking a distinctive female or male shape. 023 Table 2: Intellectual and cognitive development Quite early on babies are able to recognise the smell of their mother and her voice; later they become familiar with voices of important others and they can be calmed differentiate between day and night (settled routine); babies become interested in mobiles and other objects around them. Babies are becoming interested in what is happening around them, turning their head in the direction of interest; objects are being explored by hands and mouth. Developing fine motor skills allow babies for a better exploration of objects by handling and touching with fingers; around 8 or 9 months babies understand object ermanence (objects continue to exists even when out of sight). Babies are more aware of what is happening around them, they are starting to understand routines through signals (bib = food) Children enjoy pop-up and posting toys and in their 2nd year they are starting to have a go at simple Jigsaw puzzles and building bricks. -4 years Children pretend play with miniature world; they more interested in books, mark making and painting. In their fourth year children are able to concentrate and focus longer on activities which which caught their interest. Children begin to do some simple counting and calculations, recognizing letters is followed by gradual decoding of si mple words and later by reading. Reading and writing is becoming easier, children start reading silently to themselves. Play becomes more organized and follows rules. Development of thinking and reasoning is demonstrated through independent problem solving. tarting to understand more abstract concepts. Cognitive abilities are becoming further refined, leading to high level skills in young people. 023 Table 3: Communication development To start with babies express their hunger, tiredness or other discontent through rying; around 5th/6th week babies start to coo when content; in the third month babies start smiling and reciprocate smiles. Babies starting to understand a little of what is being said and they are starting to give some communication signals themselves (e. . raised arms when they want to be picked up). Babies become quite vocal, babbling with a differentiated tuneful string of sounds. They are also starting to understand various important key words connected with their ro utines (e. g. dinner). Babies clearly show they understand more of what is being said around them/ to them. Babbling is still main way of communication. First meaningful sounds/ words are beginning to emerge around 13 months, and at Language is becoming a powerful means of communication. From connecting two words first children are beginning gradually to build up sentences and their talking is becoming understandable even to those who are not in regular contact with the child. Even though there might be the odd mistake in the sentence structure, the language toward the end of this period is becoming fluent and children ask questions and generally enjoy expressing themselves through language. Children are becoming involved with written language they are starting to learn to read and write. Reading and writing becomes easier now; at the beginning of this period children enjoy telling Jokes to others; apart from chatting, children are beginning to be able to form a simple argument and be persuasive, they are becoming increasingly able to negotiate with others. Their writing shows more grammatical awareness as well as own imagination. Reading and writing skills are becoming very good and children are becoming increasingly skilful in negotiating and persuasion of others (peers and adults). Communication with peers is becoming very important; differentiation between formal and informal language and its use in real life is becoming more and more important; young people use different means to communicate (via phones, mobile messaging, emails, facebook, etc. ). First social contacts are being established mainly during feeding; at the end of the first month babies start to show first smiles which then gradually become response to familiar faces. Babies smile and squeal with delight when playing with familiar others. Babies try to stay close to their primary carers and around 8 months babies may ecome distressed when their primary carer leaves. Babies are fixed on their carers and do not want to be with strangers. Children start notice other children around them and they show some interest in them and later start parallel play. They also start show some frustrations and tantrums as they gradually discover some boundaries. Children play alongside others and may start copying their actions. Around the third year children become more aware of others and their needs which also reflects in their play which is gradually starting to be more and more cooperative. Children enjoy being praised by adults. Developing language is helping children to form better relationships and children begin to show some preferences in friendships. Friendships are becoming more stable and more important and may influence decision making (if my friend is doing something I might be more likely doing it also). themselves to others. Children enjoy being given some responsibilities. Friends and friendships are very important and gradually opinions from friends might feel more important that those of parents/ carers. This leads to exploration and challenge of the boundaries of relationships as well as learning to deal with isagreements, arguments, etc. There are anxieties coming from pressures from school. Young people enjoy being with their friends, they are finding discovering their own identity and sense of belonging to a group/ groups of specific characteristics which defines for them who they are (religious groups, sport group, goth, etc. ) 023 Table 5: Moral development Children might start paying attention to no and might stop their behaviour for a moment. Children are beginning to understand no and they start using it themselves. At the beginning of this phase still no understanding what is right or wrong but hildren understand when they are said No. Later they become able to follow some simple rules. Around 4 years children are becoming thoughtful at times but most of the times will decide what to do on the basis of adult approval. Children are beginning to understand rules; they try to understand them, follow them and may attempt to create their own rules where no rules are given (made-up game with friends). Children share their knowledge of rules with others and will readily point out if someone breaks the rules. Later they are becoming more aware of behaviour consequences and they are generally becoming more thoughtful. Children are beginning to be aware of a bigger picture rules of communities and societies and they are beginning to understand the need for that. There is a interest in moral issues, finding out that right and wrong is not always black and white. Questioning and testing of rules. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the difference between sequence of development and rate of development? 2. Why is the difference important? QI. What is the difference between a sequence of development and rate of development? Sequence of development is the order in which development occurs, e. . children are able to sit before they learn to crawl. The order of the sequences in development are always the same (even though there might be some individual differences: babies always learn to move about before standing up and walking, but some babies bottom-shuffle instead of crawling). Rate, on the other hand, is the speed in which individuals go through the stages/ sequences of development. Most children learn to walk when they are about 12 months old. However, some babies might be ready to walk when they are 10 months old and others when they are 15 months old. Individuals might also be developing with different rate in different areas, e. g. some children might be developing quickly physically, but their speech might be delayed. These individual differences are results of genetic predispositions and other biological influences as well as environmental stimulation. Q2. Why is the difference important? Knowing the sequences of development in different areas is important for practitioners to be able to plan accordingly and therefore to support the development in individuals. The rate of the development is important in terms of ecognizing any atypical development and recommending/ searching any additional interventions when needed. TASKB Complete table; Research and report Complete a table as shown on the following page, identifying the different personal and external factors that influence children and young peoples development. Ref 2. 1, 2. 2) 82 theories of development. This report should identify how these theories have influenced current practice and include the following: Cognitive (e. g. Piaget) Psychoanalytic (e. g. Freud) Humanist (e. g. Maslow) Social learning (e. g. Bandura) Operant conditioning (e. g. Skinner) Behaviourist (e. g. Watson) Social pedagogy. Over the years there have been many theories trying to explain certain aspects of development, behaviour, learning, etc. In the following text we will look at the most influential theories which are being used by practitioners in better understanding as well as day to day work with children and young people. After a brief description of how an individual theory was founded, we will discuss the key points for work at nurseries. Theory of cognitive development (Constructivist approach) Theory of cognitive development is connected with the name of Jean Piaget 1896-1980) who through work on intelligence tests started to notice how children at same stages make very similar mistakes in their tasks and problem solving approaches. Piaget then closely observed his own children, capturing their development in details and later using these observations to create a theory of cognitive development. Piaget considered children as active learners who create schemas (believes) about the world based on their experiences. This is how they make sense about what is happening around them. However, a childs schemas are going to be challanged time to time by new and unexpected experiences and as a esult existing schema will have to adapted to fit these in (e. g. ouching something hot will alter the notion that everything is safe to touch and child will learn that certain objects can hurt when being touched). Piagets theory influenced the practice by having a child-centred approach. In our setting, for example, we make regular observations on what our children are interested in and what they like to play/ do. After careful evaluations and identifications of possible next steps of development we plan activities which as well as reflecting children s interest also urther challenge them to encourage the development. Psychoanalytic theory of personality Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) suggested that every personality has got three parts to it d, ego and superego. We all are born with d, which is the part of our personality that is driven by our desires and reflects in pleasure-seeking behaviour. ld is selfish and passionate and it is purely after satisfying its needs, known as gratification. However, through social contact and learning babies/children gradually learn to be aware of the outside world and eventually of needs of others. They will be developing

Lieutenant General James Gavin in World War II

Lieutenant General James Gavin in World War II James Maurice Gavin was born March 22, 1907, in Brooklyn, NY as James Nally Ryan. The son of Katherine and Thomas Ryan, he was placed in the Convent of Mercy orphanage at age two. After a brief stay, he was adopted by Martin and Mary Gavin from Mount Carmel, PA. A coal miner, Martin barely earned enough to make ends meet and James went to work at age twelve to help the family. Wishing to avoid a life as a miner, Gavin ran away to New York in March 1924. Contacting the Gavins to inform them that he was safe, he began looking for work in the city. Enlisted Career Late that month, Gavin met with a recruiter from the US Army. Underage, Gavin was unable to enlist without parental consent. Knowing this would not be forthcoming, he told the recruiter he was an orphan. Formally entering the army on April 1, 1924, Gavin was assigned to Panama where he would receive his basic training in his unit. Posted to the US Coastal Artillery at Fort Sherman, Gavin was an avid reader and an exemplary soldier. Encouraged by his first sergeant to attend a military school in Belize, Gavin received outstanding grades and was selected to test for West Point. Rising in the Ranks Entering West Point in the fall of 1925, Gavin found that he lacked the basic education of most of his peers. To compensate, he rose early each morning and studied to make up the deficiency. Graduating in 1929, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and posted to Camp Harry J. Jones in Arizona. Proving to be a gifted officer, Gavin was selected to attend the Infantry School at Fort Benning, GA. There he trained under the guidance of Colonels George C. Marshall and Joseph Stillwell. Key among the lessons he learned there was not to give long written orders but rather to provide subordinates with guidelines to execute as the situation warranted. Working to develop his personal style of command, Gavin was happy in the schools educational environment. Graduating, he wished to avoid a training assignment and was sent to the 28th 29th Infantry at Fort Sill, OK in 1933. Continuing his studies on his own, he was particularly interested in the work of British World War I veteran Major General J.F.C. Fuller.   Three years later, in 1936, Gavin was sent to the Philippines. During his tour in the islands, he became increasingly concerned about the US Armys ability to withstand Japanese aggression in the region and commented on his mens poor equipment. Returning in 1938, he was promoted to captain and moved through several peacetime assignments before being posted to teach at West Point. In this role, he studied the early campaigns of World War II, most notably the German Blitzkrieg. He also became increasingly interested in airborne operations, believing them to be the wave of the future. Acting on this, he volunteered for the Airborne in May 1941. A New Style of War Graduating from the Airborne School in August 1941, Gavin was sent to an experimental unit before being given command of C Company, 503rd Parachute Infantry Battalion. In this role, Gavins friends convinced Major General William C. Lee, commander of the school, to allow the young officer to develop the tactics of airborne warfare. Lee agreed and made Gavin his Operations and Training Officer. This was accompanied by a promotion to major that October. Studying other nations airborne operations and adding his own thoughts, Gavin soon produced FM 31-30: Tactics and Technique of Air-Borne Troops. World War II Following the attack on Pearl Harbor and US entry into the conflict, Gavin was sent through the condensed course at the Command and General Staff College. Returning to the Provisional Airborne Group, he was soon dispatched to aid in converting the 82nd Infantry Division into the US Armys first airborne force. In August 1942, he was given command of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment and promoted to colonel. A hands-on officer, Gavin personally oversaw the training of his men and endured the same hardships. Selected to take part in the invasion of Sicily, the 82nd shipped out for North Africa in April 1943. Dropping with his men on the night of July 9/10, Gavin found himself 30 miles from his drop zone due to high winds and pilot error. Gathering up elements of his command, he went without sleep for 60 hours and made a successful stand on Biazza Ridge against German forces. For his action, the 82nds commander, ​​Major General Matthew Ridgway, recommended him for the Distinguished Service Cross. With the island secured, Gavins regiment aided in holding the Allied perimeter at Salerno that September. Always willing to fight beside his men, Gavin became known as the Jumping General and for his trademark M1 Garand. The following month, Gavin was promoted to brigadier general and made assistant division commander. In this role, he aided in planning the airborne component of Operation Overlord. Again jumping with his men, he landed in France on June 6, 1944, near St. Mà ©re Église. Over the next 33 days, he saw action as the division fought for the bridges over the Merderet River. In the wake of the D-Day operations, the Allied airborne divisions were reorganized into the First Allied Airborne Army. In this new organization, Ridgway was given command of the XVIII Airborne Corps, while Gavin was promoted to command the 82nd. That September, Gavins division took part in Operation Market-Garden. Landing near Nijmegen, Netherlands, they seized bridges in that town and Grave. In the course of the fighting, he oversaw an amphibious assault to secure the Nijmegen bridge. Promoted to major general, Gavin became the youngest man to hold that rank and command a division during the war. That December, Gavin was in temporary command of the XVIII Airborne Corps during the opening days of the Battle of the Bulge. Rushing the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions to the front, he deployed the former in the Staveloet-St. Vith salient and the latter at Bastogne. Upon Ridgways return from England, Gavin returned to the 82nd and led the division through the wars final months. Later Career An opponent of segregation in the US Army, Gavin oversaw the integration of the all-black 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion into the 82nd after the war. He remained with the division until March 1948. Moving through several high-level postings, he served as assistant chief of staff for operations and Chief of Research and Development with the rank of lieutenant general. In these positions, he contributed to the discussions which led to the Pentomic Division as well as advocated for a strong military force that was adapted to mobile warfare. This cavalry concept ultimately led to the Howze Board and influenced the US Armys development of helicopter-borne forces. While comfortable on the battlefield, Gavin disliked the politics of Washington and was critical of his former commander- now president- Dwight D. Eisenhower, who wished to scale back conventional forces in favor of nuclear weapons. He likewise butted heads with the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding their role in directing operations. Though approved for promotion to General with the assignment to command the Seventh Army in Europe, Gavin retired in 1958 stating, I wont compromise my principles, and I wont go along with the Pentagon system. Taking a position with the consulting firm Arthur D. Little, Inc., Gavin remained in the private sector until serving as President John F. Kennedys ambassador to France from 1961-1962. Sent to Vietnam in 1967, he returned believing the war to be a mistake that distracted the US from the Cold War with the Soviet Union. Retiring in 1977, Gavin died on February 23, 1990, and was buried at West Point. Selected Sources PA History: James Gavin New York Times: James Gavin Obituary World War II Database: James Gavin

Molecular Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation Essay

Molecular Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation - Essay Example Progression in the studies of genetics and molecular biology would assist in dealing with this disease in a better way. Recently studies by Chelu et al (2009) have brought into light the fact that differences in the ionic (mainly Ca 2+) current flow are responsible for causing AF and turning it into a chronic condition. As Brugada points out â€Å"Research efforts to elucidate the molecular basis of AF are focused into two main areas: human genetics and alterations in genetic expression of ion channels† (Brugada, Is Atrial fibrillation a genetic disease?: Molecular Mechanisms in Arial fibrillation). The beating of the heart muscles, according to research, is strictly controlled by a procedure known as ‘Ca 2+ induced Ca 2+ release’. Here we find that the number of Ca ions that are entering through the Cav. 1.2 which is the L type voltage gated Ca ion channel helps in the increase of the release of more Ca ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the intracellular Ca 2+ channels (ryanodine receptor type 2 or RyR2). This influx and release of Ca ions are strictly regulated by the heart muscles for the controlled beating of heart. In AF, where the atria beats rapidly, this rapid beating of the heart leads to production of more Ca ions or Calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II ( CaMKII) phosphorylation of the RyR2. In AF conditions it has also been noticed that L type voltage gated Ca ion channels show a decrease in its amplitude, so it has been deduced that this release of the Ca ions may be due to enhanced functioning of RyR2 channels. There are many reasons as t o why the RyR2 channels may function differently. Earlier it was seen in researches conducted on dogs showing AF conditions, that RyR2 channels remained open in cases having low cystolic Ca ion presence. Another reason as Vest, et al, tells us from his experiments into molecular mechanisms that â€Å"SR Ca2+  leak due to RyR2

INNOVATION (Strategic alliances) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INNOVATION (Strategic alliances) - Essay Example In business, innovation can be defined as the exploitation of new ideas that find acceptance in the market. These ideas, most often, are incorporated into new processes, technology, best practices and designs (Sarkar 2007, p.2). Some of these ideas may end up causing a complete overhaul to an organization’s operation and range of products. Most of the innovated products are based on the ideas of others or a modification of existing products. In summary, innovation process encompasses; getting a new idea or modifying an old one, reorganization of existing opportunities or those that can be promoted, choice of best alternatives and application of the process and the idea (Sarkar 2007, p.2). Innovation may be as a result of the need to meet the needs of consumers or improve the way of doing things. Companies that fail to embrace innovation have often found themselves left behind by their competitors, leading to the loss of their market niche. The focus on the theories of innovation varies because there are different views on the process of innovation and the factors that lead to the development of innovation. The theories may focus on; (a) technological development, R&D and technical research functions in a company, (b) the individual who creates and develops the new elements, and (c) issues of innovation in the market place (Sundo 1998, p.4). It involves the exchange of technology between two or more companies. Strategic alliances are characterized by risk sharing and mutual commitment in respect to the attainment of specified economic and technological goals and objectives. These alliances tend to arise from the willingness and desire of one firm to assist the other in overall development of the firm business and/or exploitation of certain technological assets portfolio. An example is when the firms in the alliance want to (a) form a joint venture in research and distribution, or (b) enter a joint development agreement, or (c) enter

Tolstoys Philosophy of Art Essay examples -- Visual Arts Paintings Ar

Tolstoy's Philosophy of Art Tolstoy approaches art with a very specific and narrow view of what is real and what is counterfeit in classifying artwork and what makes a work of art good or bad. Tolstoy believes that a work of art can be classified as "real" if and only if "one man consciously by means of certain external signs, hands on to others feelings he has lived through, and that others are infected by these feelings and also experience them" (10). He believes that art can only be defined as real by its ability to make the audience feel what the artist had intended to convey with his/her artwork. The feelings the artist intends to convey must also be sincere and true feelings based on personal experience, expressed to the audience in such a way that the viewer/listener feels as if the artist is merely expressing something he/she feels and has always longed to express. To offset this definition, Tolstoy defines counterfeit art as having "no impression on anyone" (513). He says that distinguishing real art from counterfeit art can be done simply by determining the "infectiousness of art" (514). Tolstoy claims that any piece of art, no matter how beautiful, intriguing, interesting, poetic, striking, or realistic cannot be defined as real unless it also maintains this quality of infectiousness. After defining the difference between real and counterfeit art, Tolstoy goes on to relay the difference between what classifies good and bad art. Tolstoy cl...

Accountability and Transparency in Public Procurement

Accountability and transparency in public procurement Police chief Hemant Karkare died with bullet proof jacket at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on 26/11/2008 at 22:45 PM while attacking pakistani terrorists. Bullet Proof jacket was such low quality that does not work! From the above example, we can easily understood the Public procurement is how much transparent in our country. Moreover, It was not published in any newspaper that who is/are accountable for that Bullet Proof jacket(s). Nobody was accountable nor anybody got punishment!!! We can make a lot of SWOT analysis upon accountability and transperancy, public procurement vs. ommercial procurement etc. but the question is what’s the thresold limit of compromising. Not only India, most of the countries alongwith international agencies such as UNDP and the World Bank are in the process of harmonizing and perfecting their approaches to the diagnosis of financial accountability. Such as World Bank’s Country Financial A ccountability Assessment (CFAA) (CFAA assess the risk that public funds may be used illegitimately, inefficiently or ineffectively, by comparing the financial management standards and practices of agencies using funds against an international or ‘best practice’ standard. Sustainable Public Procurement is one major way of seeking to achieve the UNDP’s good governance goal of â€Å"realizing development that gives priority to the poor, advances women, sustains the environment and creates needed opportunities for employment and other livelihoods. † The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) is the first legally binding international anti-corruption instrument. As of 12 July 2012, the convention had been ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to by 161 countries as well as the European Union.On Dec 20, 2011 the Europian Commission officially announced its proposal for the new procurement directives. Literature review Literally accountability mea ns the state of being accountable, liable, or answerable i. e. responsible, by both its people and its elected bodies, for its choices and actions. Transparency denotes the free access to governmental political and economic activities and decisions. Procurement is everything associated with an incoming invoice. This holds true for goods, services, and works.In public procurement transparency and accountability have been recognised as key conditions for promoting integrity and preventing corruption, balancing with other good governance imperatives, such as an efficient management of public resources, providing guarantees for fair competition etc. In order to ensure overall value for money, the challenge for decision makers is to define an appropriate degree of transparency and accountability to reduce risks to integrity in public procurement while pursuing other aims of public procurement. Who is accountable?Every person who is in a position of power on trust is accountable for the u se of that power. Within the execution of any system, there is a hierarchical structure by which each level is accountable to the next higher level, from desk clerk to the cabinet. For instance, the clerk who failed to maintain up-to-date records, the Officer who failed to supervise the Clerk, the Head of Department who is answerable to Parliament, but failed to get sufficient trained staff etc. and so on. But it is easy to pin down who is accountable. Public Procurement & Transparency The goal of Public procurement are : ) serving the organisation, b) appropriate use of public funding, c) efficient use of public funding, d) accountability, e) value for money etc. But the real picture of public procurement is horrible ! The most common practice is â€Å"Low Bid† or H1 bidder. But the â€Å"low bid† is equated to a poor quality standard have often soured the public perception of the profession, even though the interpretation of some of these decisions may have been repo rted out of context. Even through e-procurement always there is a gap exists. Secondly supplying Low quality by paying bribe to govt. fficials is a very common practice. Generally Political powerholder to government servants are engaged in circumvention of their own laws. Lot of examples are failure of budget estimates of revenues and expenditures, avoidance of credit limits through an accumulation of unpaid bills, transfer of amounts toward the end of the year to deposit accounts to avoid lapse of funds, manipulation of performance data and associated means. Hence economic growth and policy measures may not be formulated. General public may not always know what the government is doing.While some countries review of the estimates by the audit agency, or through an assessment by credit rating agencies but this practice work against financial accountability. There are vital gaps in most public budgets and accounts. In several cases, they do not provide information on tax expenditures, outstanding guarantees, non-financial assets, and liabilities including contingent ones. Public procurement operations are subject to various controls: local controls, accounting controls, controls made by fiscal authorities, as well as external controls and audits.As public procurement has become more decentralised, a key concern is the lack of co-ordination between various controls, which has led to some loopholes and overlaps in controls over the procurement process. Only a few countries have mechanisms to ensure coordination of control. A related difficulty is to maximise the use of information produced by different controls. Demand for Public Procurement Public procurement created by external demands. As we know that these are transparency, integrity & accountability. Transparency refers to openness and equal opportunities for all interested bidders.Integrity refers to avoiding improper, wasteful or corrupt and fraud practices. Accountability refers to the fact that public pro curement authorities are responsible for effective, legal, and ethical way of procurements. Public procurement is affected by distinct internal demands. This is serving multiple political goals. This complicates public procurement, because sometimes it is not clear to identify the influence of political powers on public procurements. The second internal demand is serving a large amount of stakeholders. These various stakeholders may have different objectives.Ultimately Common public suffers. There are other factors also affects on the procurement process. 1) Demands on the process from legal regulations. 2) Public procurement is restricted from engaging into long-term relationships with their suppliers. 3) Absence of a perfect competition in public procurement may affects by various ways. Benefits of accountability Poverty is the biggest challenge facing the globe in the new millennium. Government is less accountable and responsive to citizens. All the citizens do not get equal acce ss to government services.Conversely, improvements in governance are associated with higher per capita income, higher adult literacy, lower infant mortality and reduced poverty. Fiscal transparency is a necessary condition for sound economic governance. Timely publication of a budget document enables the market to evaluate government’s intentions and allows itself a constructive discipline on the government. Transparency increases the political risk of unsustainable policies. A transparent public financial accounting policy makes it possible to determine what the government has done and to compare budgeted and actual financial operations.Further, open procurement policies not only facilitate the achievement of basic macroeconomic policy objectives, but also increase the productivity of public expenditure. One of the underlying objectives of improved transparency and accountability is to reduce the extent of corruption in the management of governmental affairs. Points to ensur ing accountability and transparency in public procurements are : Accurate records: A pre-condition for accountability and control. Internal control: A management instrument for improvement. External audit: Must for SWOT analysis.Challenging procurement decisions: Complaint and recourse mechanisms with ensuring public scrutiny. Hence the steps to be taken are: a) Strengthening parliamentary control in big infrastructure projects. b) Governments to reduce the high costs and the distortion effect of corruption in public procurement. c) Ensuring transparency at all phases of procurement, from demand creation to contract management and payment, through unrestricted access to all documents for the Monitor and for all activities, which brings both policy and technical expertise to the project. ) Providing adequate incentives and sanctions for both the public authority and bidders i. e. equal opportunity; f) Provide the right environment for detecting corruption and protects against it. Bes ides raising awareness about the structure and the application of the public procurement systems, we should follow the International common methodology for benchmarking and assessing public procurement systems. The Capacities of Supporting Transparency and Accountability by our civil society is the strength of novel and innovative progress. PARTHA MUKHERJEE [email  protected] com (1018 words)

Gender Inequality And Its Impact On Children s...

When discussing inequalities, it is easy to overlook gender inequality because race inequality is prevalent and easily recognizable. Like racial inequality; gender inequality is also a real issue in America. Gender stereotypes are perpetuated throughout our lifetime beginning when we are children. Early on, children learn what is means to be a boy or girl from societal standards. Children begin to suffer from the boys versus girl’s mentality which is evident in the social behavior of children. Children’s stereotypical thinking about gender is manifested through their acceptance of gender roles. In the blog, Beyond Pink and Blue: Raising children with science instead of stereotypes, Christia Spears Brown, Ph.D. discuss issues of gender labeling and its impact on children’s developmental. Her objective is to bring awareness to parents to reduce gender segregation and stereotypes in order to raise well-rounded children. Brown is a Professor of the Developmental and Social Psychology Department at the University of Kentucky. She received her Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin in 2003. She wrote her Dissertation for her Ph. D on â€Å"Children’s Perceptions of Discrimination: Antecedents and Consequences†. Brown is the author of a popular book, Parenting Beyond Pink, and Blue. She focuses her research on social developmental of children and adolescents. Brown’s research interests include children and adolescents’ perceptions of gender and ethnicShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Are A Set Of Societal Norms Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Gender roles are a set of societal norms dictating the types of behaviors which are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality† (Oxford). Is it a boy or girl? What sport will he play? When will she take dance lessons? Wo men shouldn’t have jobs! 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